TARA CHAIN

Consensus algorithm

Consensus mechanism

Blockchain networks do not judge the validity of blocks and transactions on a central server. Therefore, participants must independently verify that there are no problems with the information delivered and judge its validity. In addition, in a fully decentralized P2P network, problems may occur in the information transmission process due to reasons such as network delay, duplicate reception, and intentional tampering. Therefore, the following problems must be resolved through a consensus mechanism, and specific nodes must be prevented from arbitrarily manipulating the blockchain. Therefore, a method is needed to verify the validity of blocks and transactions. When linking blocks to a chain, if there are more than one valid blockchain at the same time, there must be a rule to choose between them.

PoW(Proof-of-Work)

Proof-of-Work (PoW) is the process of finding a hash value to create a block at a certain level of difficulty and then proving it. In Proof-of-Work (PoW), individual nodes can create blocks without restrictions. Therefore, a fork (or collision) phenomenon may occur where two or more blocks are attached to the previous block. This phenomenon means that the distributed ledger function did not work properly. Therefore, we are solving the inconsistency problem by selecting longer blocks where more Proof-of-Work (PoW) has been performed.

Process of Proof-of-Work

Proof-of-work, also known as mining, is an algorithm that proves participation in the work by repeating the process of finding the nonce value countless times, and the participant in the proof-of-work is called a 'miner'. Simply put, proof-of-work is an algorithm that grants permission to create blocks to those who quickly solve difficult problems and provides coins as a reward.

The step-by-step mechanism of proof-of-work is as follows.

1. Newly occurring transactions are grouped together in units called blocks.

2. Miners try to be the first to solve complex computational tasks in order to propose the creation of a new block.

3. One miner who finds the nonce value is selected. Miners receive newly minted cryptocurrency as a reward from the network and add new blocks to the blockchain.

Compensating for the shortcomings of PoW (Proof-of-Work)

As mining difficulty increases, the Proof-of-Work (PoW) method requires more high-end equipment for computation, and energy waste increases due to excessive power consumption. As mining difficulty increases, it becomes difficult for individual miners to continuously maintain hash power, and the number of professional enterprise-level miners increases. As this happens, unity among mining operators can occur, which can lead to a situation where the foundation of the consensus mechanism is destroyed.

Core node in private

TARA CHAIN's consensus node operates in a private manner, preventing the indiscriminate proliferation of nodes and complementing the shortcomings of general PoW (Proof-of-Work). This prevents power consumption due to excessive competition and prevents the essence of blockchain technology from being obscured by specific interest groups.

Accounts

It is made up of objects called “accounts” in TARA CHAIN, and each account contains a 20-byte sized address and state transitions that represent direct transactions of value and information between accounts. TARA CHAIN ​​account has the following 4 properties.

· nonce: Counter to ensure that each transaction is processed only once

· value: Current TARA balance in your account

· contract code: Contract code for your account (may have no value)

· storage: Storage of the account (empty by default)

EOA(Externally Owned Accounts) and CA(Contract Account)

Accounts are largely divided into EOA (Externally Owned Accounts), which are general accounts, and CA (Contract Accounts), which are accounts assigned to contracts.

EOA is a type of general user account that has a private key that controls the address of the account, allowing transactions to be signed and executed. Therefore, you can transfer assets owned by the account to another EOA or CA or call a smart contract.

All accounts that we manage through wallet applications such as MetaMask to hold assets such as cryptocurrency or NFT are EOA.

CA is an account assigned when deploying smart contracts on the blockchain, and is used to distinguish specific smart contracts. Because the CA does not have a separate private key, it cannot sign and issue transactions on its own, and it can only receive data through transactions issued by other EOAs or calls from the execution of other contracts and execute the embedded fixed code on-chain.

In TARA CHAIN, a contract is not something that needs to be executed or compiled, but rather an autonomous agent that lives within the execution environment of TARA CHAIN, always executing specific code when a message or transaction arrives. Also, a contract directly controls your key/value store to track your Tara balance and persistent variables. This concept is called a smart contract.

TARA CHAIN generates asymmetric encryption keys using elliptic curve cryptography (=ECC) with various parameters. Parameters are used to adjust speed and security, and TARA CHAIN uses secp256k1. TARA CHAIN's private and public keys are 256-bit numbers, and all accounts are expressed as addresses.

TARA CHAIN Block

TARA CHAIN Block Header

ParentHash : Hash value of parent block

UncleHash : Hash values ​​of the Uncle blocks of the current block

Coinbase : Account address that will receive the fee for the transaction after mining

Root : The root node hash value of the Merkle Patricia tree that contains account status information

TxHash : Merkle tree root node hash value for all transactions in a block

ReceiptHash : Root node hash value of the Merkle tree of receipts for all transactions in the block

Bloom : 32-byte bloom filter used to access log information

Difficulty : Block difficulty is calculated from the difficulty and timestamp of the previous block

Number : Current block number

GasLimit : Maximum total amount of gas payable per block

GasUsed : Total amount of gas used for transactions within a block

Time : First creation time of block

Extra : Other information about the block

MixDigest, Nonce : A value used to ensure a sufficient number of calculations calculating the hash value in proof-of-work

Root, TxHash, and ReceiptHash correspond to the final root hash value obtained by hashing each node of the Merkle tree, and the remaining values ​​can each be viewed as a constant.

TARA CHAIN Blockchain and Mining

Unlike 'Bitcoin', which only stores transaction information in blocks, Tarachain's blockchain contains not only the transaction list but also the most recent status, and also stores two other values, block number and difficulty, in the block. The basic Tarachain block verification algorithm is as follows:

1. Check if the referenced previous block exists and is valid.

2. Check whether the timestamp of the block is later than the timestamp of the previous block and is within 15 minutes after that.

3. Check if the block number, difficulty, transaction route, uncle route, and gas limit are valid.

4. Check whether the proof-of-work of the block is valid.

5. Assume that S[0] in the figure above is the state at the end of the previous block.

6. Assume that for all i in 0...n-1, set S[i+1] = APPLY(S[i],TX[i]), TX is the transaction list of the bloc the transaction . An error is returned when any application returns an error, or the amount of gas consumes exceeds GASLIMIT.

7. After adding S[n] to the reward block paid to the miner, assume this is S_FINAL.

8. Check whether the state of the Merkle tree root of S_FINAL matches the final state stored in the block header. If they match, the block is valid. But if not, the block is invalid.

The process of executing the contract code is part of the state transition function definition, which is part of the block verification algorithm. So that when a transaction is included in block B, the execution of the code caused by that transaction will occur on all nodes that download and verify block B.

Staking

Staking is the act of depositing TARA to activate the validator software. Validators are responsible for storing data, processing transactions, and adding new blocks to the blockchain. This will help keep TARA CHAIN safe for everyone and earn new TARA in the process.

There are several ways to participate in TARA CHAIN’s staking.

These paths target a wide range of users, and are ultimately each unique and vary in terms of risk, reward, and trust assumptions. Always do your research thoroughly before sending your TARA anywhere.